a description of morphological features applied to the Bloo Bouk code
1. The morphological features most relevant to the Bloo Bouk practice are: (a) affixes, (b) derivation, (c) composition, (d) inflections, (e) particles, (f) contractions.
Affixes
2. Affixes are morphemes added to a word to change or restrict meaning:
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word.
Suffixes are added to the end of a word.
3. Prefixes may by monophonic or polyphonic:
Monophonic prefixes are always pronounced the same way, e.g. con-, en-, ob-.
Polyphonic prefixes are pronounced in different ways, e.g. re-: repórt, rèpresènt, récreæt.
4. Suffixes may be reliable or unreliable:
Reliable suffixes indicate stress reliably, e.g. -abel, -cion, -ity.
Unreliable suffixes are unreliable stress indicators, e.g. -ent: indécent, innocent.
A. Prefixes
A non-exhaustive list of English prefixes
Nordic
a-
akin, alyv, alœn, aryz
aut-
autcawst, autgoing, autsyd
awfter-
awfterlyf, awfterthoat
bak-
bakfyer, bakgraund, baklash
bi-
bicum, bifor, bihæv, bispœk
by-
bygon, bystander
daun-
daunfoal, daunlœd, dauntaun
for-
forget, forgiv, forgo, forsee, fortel
hynd-
hyndsyt, hyndbræn, hyndgut
in-
incum, infyting, input, intæk
mis-
misunderstand, mistæk, misspel
œver-
œvercum, œverlouk, œvertæk
of-
ofset, ofspring, ofshor
on-
ongoing, onsloat
self-
selfhelp, selfkear, selfluv
step-
stepsister, stepmudder
to-
togedder
un-
undo, unhelthy, unnœn, unty
under-
undercut, understand, undertæk
up-
upbringing, upset, uptæk
widd-
widdhœld, widdstand, withdroa
*widddroa > withdroa
Greek
a-
amórfos, àpathy, apàthik
amfi-
amfithìater, amfìbian, amfètamin
an-
ànurizem, anesthètik, anémia
ana-
analòggik, anàthema, ànalyz
anti-
antìthessis, àntidœt, àntibyòtik
apo-
apòkalips, apòkrifal, apòssel
arch-
archbìshop, archdíossis
auto-
automàtik, áutokrat, áutarky
byo-
byòloggy, byokèmistry, byoèthiks
dy-
dykòtomy, díalog, dyglòssia
en-
èntropy, ènerggy, energgètik
endo-
endòggenos, endomòrfik, èndoscœp
epi-
èpissenter, epidèmik, epìfany
eu-
éuloggy, eufónik, eukalìptos
hemi-
hèmisfeer, hèmistik, hemisfèrikal
hyper-
hypérboly, hyperbòlik, híperdynànik
hypo-
hypokòndriak, hípoalerggènik
mega(lo)-
megalòpolis, mègalomániak
meso-
mesolìthik, mesomórfik
meta-
metafìsiks, metàstassis
mykro-
míkrokozem, mykróbial
mono-
monògamy, monolìthik, mònarky
néo-
néofyt, néolìthik, néòloggizem
ortho-
órthodox, orthògrafy, orthopédik
paleo-
paleolìthik, paleògrafy, pàleontòloggy
pan-
pàntheizem, pandèmik, pànoply
para-
pàradym, paràlissis, paràmeter
peri-
perìfery, perikárdial, perìmeter
poli-
pòlimer, polissìlabel, polìgonal
pro(s)-
pròsthessis, profètik, prógram
sin-
sìnthessis, sìmpathy, sinthètik
sudo-
sudo-filòssofer, sudo-analìtikal
ysso-
yssorìthmik, yssotònik, yssostàtik
*hýper > híper
Latin
ambi-
ambivalent, ambiguos, ambicion
a(d)-
adàpt, adiccion, afèct, assért, advérs
ante-
antechámber, antecédent, antediluvian
by-
byssexual, bycameral, byenial
cercum-
cercumspect, cercumstans, cercumvent
cis-
cisgender, cisnormativ, cisplatin
con-
contact, conduct, confident, consìstent
contra-
contracèptiv, contradiccion, contraband
counter-
counterfit, counterpoint, cóunterprodùctiv
de-
desért, dèsert, déconstùct, depènd
dis-
distràct, dissóciæt, discord, dissènt
dy-
dyversity, dyssèct, dygression
e-
evók, évolúcion, evènt, erùpt
en-
enábel, enàct, enàmor, enraptur
ex-
extract, extràct, exelent, exèssivly
extra-
extravagant, extra-verggin, extramarital
ezz-
ezzàct, ezzaminácion, ezzìstens
in-
indítment, indicácion, inconsìstent
infra-
infraorbital, infrasound, infraspecific
inter-
internacional, intérpret, intervencion
intra-
intravénos, intracapsular, intraluminal
intro-
introduccion, introspeccion, introvérted
mal-
malfunccion, maladministrácion, maladàptiv
multi-
multicultural, multifaceted, multilingüal
non-
nondescript, nonshalant, nonsensical
ob-
obstinat, obzérvans, obstrùct, obstakel
omni-
omniprèsent, omnipótent, omnìcient
per-
perfect, perfèct, pertinent, persìstent
post-
postgraduat, postmòdern, postpón
pre-
prèfas, prétext, prèvalent, prefér
pro-
prógress, progrèss, pròminent
re-
regrèt, rètinu, réconèct, réconcév
se-
seduccion, sèparat, sécressy
sub-
subcultur, submareen, subvért
super-
superseed, supersònic, superficial
supra-
supranatural, supramolecular
sur-
surchargg, surfas, surmíz, surpàss
trans-
transcèndent, transformácion
tri-
trídent, tríceps, trícikel, trivial
ultra-
ultraliberal, ùltrareàccionary
uni-
univérsal, unilateral, unificácion
vice-
vys-prèsident, vys-roy, vys-rector
A knight of the Bloo Bouk in ceremonial armory, mid 14th century. In 1349, Edward III re-established the knighthood as an institution devoted not only to martial valour, but also to the preservation of the English language and learning.
B. Suffixes
A non-exhaustive list of English suffixes
Nordic
-d
mæd, rænd, tœld, herd, coald
-dom
kinndom, serfdom, Krissendom
-ed
næked, wiked, ruged; wonted
-en
harken, fawssen; bihœlden, tæken
-er
cœlder, beter; luver, mæker
-es
[he] woshes, reeches; losses
-est
[thau] vexest; fynest, hyest
-eth
luveth, geteth, werketh
-fœld
manifœld, threefœld, toofœld
-ful
thankful, lustful, sorœful
-houd
næborhoud, brudderhoud
-ing
giving, begining, ending
-less
helpless, hœpless, kearless
-ling
dukling, weekling, darling
-lyk
chyldlyk, godlyk, woumanlyk
-ly
kyndly, softly, kwikly, porly
-mœst
uttermœst, norddernmœst
-ness
kyndness, sadness, hapiness
-s
kinns, lords, boys, gerls, ships
-ship
frendship, œnership, lordship
-st
[thau] luvst, lawfst; werst
-sum
wurysum, hansum, feersum
-t
wosht, reecht, lost, spelt, felt
-wyd
cuntrywyd, nácionwyd, werldwyd
-wyz
lykwyz, udderwyz, clokwyz
-werddy
newswerddy, præzwerddy
-word(s)
awfterwords, forword, leeword
-y
suny, ræny, claudy, yssy, triky
non-Nordic
-abel
afordabel, cumftabel, víabel
-ably
résonably, cumftably, inväriably
-agg
maragg, advântagg, averagg
-ágg
engágg, aswágg, enrágg
-al*
aríval, dispósal, margginal
-ans*
atèndans, assìstans, arogans
-ansy
tenansy, pregnansy, vácansy
-ant*
aplicant, assìstant, abùndant
-ark(y)*
monarky, pátriark, òligarky
-ary*
imàgginary, dìccionary, elementary
-assy
embassy, demòkrassy, fàntassy
-at
Senat, desperat, considerat
-æt
fassinæt, immigræt, comunicæt
-cial
crucial, judicial, fynancial
-cian
maggìcian, fisìcian, musìcian
-cion
condicion, negácion, emócion
-cios
propicios, malicios, herbácios
-ean*
Chilean, Carólean, Européan
-én
marén, serén, sardén, mashén
-eer
enggineer, career, pryvateer
-éz
Portugéz, Chynéz, Japanéz
-ensy*
ággensy, continggensy, constìtuensy
-ens*
consequens, ezzìstens, resérggens
-ent*
confident, indécent, innocent
-eos
ryteos, buteos, gorggeos
-ery*
mònastery, mìstery, artilery
-esk
grotèsk, burlèsk, picturèsk
-ess*
prowess, carèss, succèss
-ey
alibey, alùmney, rabey
-fey
clarifey, notifey, deféy
-ggy
sìnerggy, ènerggy, apòloggy
-ian
rufian, Italian, metropòlitan
-ibel
possibel, responsibel, permissibel
-ik(al)
musik, specifik, orthopédik
-iks
metafìsiks, dynàmiks, ékonòmiks
-il
imbecil [missil, móbil, hostil]
-ish
finish, Spanish, replenish
-ist*
humanist, fìsissist, ràcionalist
-ity
charity, university, serendipity
-ium
delirium, aquarium, ópium
-iv*
activ, inàctiv, sensitiv, mèditativ
-íz
demíz, chastíz, disguíz, advíz
-izem*
ràcionalizem, redùccionizem
-log
díalog, èpilog, prólog, mònolog
-ment
sentiment, increment, detriment
-ory*
ìnventory, advísory, armory
-os
píos, infamos, credulos, hénos
-tor*
impòstor, àggitætor, precèptor
-tur
nátur, cultur, imatur, fernitur
-ury
century, penury, perjury
-y
àpathy, àgony, írony, gentry
-yl
aggyl, gentyl, juvenyl, futyl
-yz
ànalyz, pénalyz, jepardyz
* unreliable suffixes
Derivation
5. In word formation, there are two kinds of stress derivation:
Static derivation occurs when the stress remains in the same place: cult > cultur, cultivæt
Metabolic derivation occurs when the stress changes position: àgricultur > agricultural.
6. Static derivation may require accents to be added or omitted if the number of syllables changes. There are two relevant transitions:
oxytone to paroxytone: carèss, carèst > carèssing, carèsses
proparoxytone to anteproparoxytone: fassinæt, fassinæts > fàssinæted, fàssinæting
ox. to pox.
carèss
carèssing, carèsses
extràct
extràcting, extràcted
ezzàct
ezzàcting, ezzàcted, ezzàctly
resórs
resórces, resórsful
p.pox to ap.pox
participæt
partìcipæted, partìcipæting
fassinæt
fàssinæted, fàssinæting
meditæt
mèditativ
leggitimat
leggìtimassy
Lady Matilda, the Mother of Bloo Bouk, surrounded by monks and scholars, delivers the newly resurfaced original of the Bloo Bouk with Aldhelm’s handwriting to Sherborne Abbey, 1242. The Bloo Bouk is hidden after the Normal conquest, but subsequently disappears. Matilda plays a decisive role in the effort to find the original manuscript.
Composition
7. In word formation, compound words are words made from two or more stems. Compounds may be closed, hyphenated or open:
Closed compounds are joined in one word: shortwæv, foutboal, ræncœt
Hyphenated compounds are seperated by hyphen: must-hav, hunter-gadderer
Open compounds are seperated by a space: shok wæv, skuel bus, hy skuel
8. There is no normative consensus on the use of the above linkings.
9. Compound words may be etimologically unmmixed or mixed:
Unmixed compounds have stems from the same etymological family: foutboal, kemothèrapy, àgricultur
Mixed compounds have stems from different etymological families: television, eco-feer, agro-freek
10. Unless established by old usage, mixed compounds should not be written as closed compounds.
11. The stems of non-closed mixed compounds are spelt as separate words with their own keys.
non-closed mixed
elèktro-condùctiv
Greek key [elèktrik] + Latin key [condùctiv]
síko-worfear
Greek key [síko] + Nordic key [worfear]
agro-freek
Latin key [agro] + Nordic key [freek]
news páper
Nordic key [news] + Latin key [páper]
12. The stems of closed mixed compounds are spelt in the Greek key. If they have no Greek stem, they are spelt in the Nordic key.
closed mixed
elèktrokondùktiv
Greek key
síkowórfear
Greek key
agrœfreek
Nordic key
newspæper
Nordic key
Inflections
13. Inflection is a change in or addition to the form of a word. Words that admit of inflections are called variable. Variable words may be (i) paranomina, (ii) nomina and (iii) verba:
Paranomina are: articles, pronouns, numerals.
Nomina are: adjectives and nouns.
Verba are verbs.
14. Paranomina may be determiners or substitutes:
Determiners appear before nomina: the gerls, thœs gerls, three gerls.
Substitutes replace nomina: thæ ar heer, it is thears.
hee, shee, mee, wee, yee: proposed by Howell in his influential 1662 Grammar.
ew: from Old English eow [you], object form of ge [ye].
Numerals
wun
ferst
hœl
wuns
too
second
hawf
dùbel | twys | toofœld
three
therd
n therds
tripel | thrys | threefœld
foor
foorth
n foorths
quadrúpel | foorfœld
fyv
fifth
n fifths
quintúpel | fyvfœld
six
sixth
n sixths
sextúpel | sixfœld
seven
seventh
n sevenths
septupel | sevenfœld
æt
æth
n æths
octupel | ætfœld
nyn
nynth
n nynths
nonupel | nynfœld
ten
tenth
n tenths
decupel | tenfœld
eleven
eleventh
n elevenths
elevenfœld
twelv
twelfth
n twelfths
twelvfœld
therteen
therteenth
n therteenths
therteenfœld
foorteen
foorteenth
n foorteenths
foorteenfœld
fifteen
fifteenth
n fifteenths
fifteenfœld
sixteen
sixteenth
n sixteenths
sixteenfœld
seventeen
seventeenth
n seventeenths
seventeenfœld
æteen
æteenth
n æteenths
æteenfœld
nynteen
nynteenth
n nynteenths
nynteenfœld
Numerals II
ten
tenth
n tenths
decupel | tenfœld
twenty
twentieth
n twentieths
twentifœld
therty
thertieth
n thertieths
thertifœld
forty
fortieth
n fortieths
fortifœld
fifty
fiftieth
n fiftieths
fiftifœld
sixty
sixtieth
n sixtieths
sixtifœld
seventy
seventieth
n seventieths
seventifœld
æty
ætieth
n ætieths
ætifœld
nynty
nyntieth
n nyntieths
nyntifœld
hundred
hundredth
n hundredths
centupel | hundredfœld
thausend
thausendth
n thausendths
thausendfœld
milion
milionth
n milionths
milionfœld
bilion
bilionth
n bilionths
bilionfœld
trilion
trilionth
n trilionths
trilionfœld
Henry VIII dismisses a Bloo Bouk delegation of monks and scholars pleading for spelling standardisation, as agreed under Henry VI. He later dissolves Sherborne Abbey and the Knighthood of the Bloo Bouk, and orders the destruction of the Bloo Bouk.
B. Nomina
English adjectives and nouns
15. Nomina may be adjectives or nouns. Adjectives have degree inflections.
Degrees are: positive, comparative, superlative.
16. Degrees are synthetic or analytic.
Synthetic degrees are shown through inflection: cleen, cleener, cleenest.
Analytic degrees are shown through added words: butiful, mor butiful, mœst butiful.
Synthentic Degrees
big
biger, bigest
smoal
smoaler, smoalest
cleen
cleener, cleenest
bryt
bryter, brytest
bisy
bisier, bisiest
goud
beter, best
bad
wers, werst
much*
mor, mœst
litel*
less, leest
* paranomina with degrees.
Analytic Degrees
butiful
mor butiful, mœst butiful
impórtant
mor impórtant, mœst impórtant
traggik
mor traggik, mœst traggik
blasáy
mor blasáy, mœst blasáy
nècessary
mor nècessary, mœst nècessary
strætforword
mor strætforward, mœst strætforward
satisfactory
mor satisfactory mœst satisfactory
ìnteresting
mor ìnteresting, mœst ìnteresting
kearful
mor kearful, mœst kearful
kategòrikal
mor kategòrikal, mœst kategòrikal
Inferiority
cleen
less cleen, leest cleen
big
less big, leest big
bad
less bad, leest bad
traggik
less traggik, leest traggik
kearful
less kearful, leest kearful
nècessary
less nècessary, leest nècessary
ìnteresting
less ìnteresting, leest ìnteresting
strætforward
less strætforward, leest strætforward
kategòrikal
less kategòrikal, leest kategòrikal
17. Nouns have number and case inflections.
Numbers are: singular, plural.
Cases are: general, genitive.
Parisyllables
General
Genitive
Singular
the gerl
the gerls
Plural
the gerls
the gerlss
General
Genitive
Singular
the bouk
the bouks
Plural
the bouks
the boukss
General
Genitive
Singular
the póet
the póets
Plural
the póets
the póetss
General
Genitive
Singular
the kween
the kweens
Plural
the kweens
the kweenss
General
Genitive
Singular
the king
the kinns
Plural
the kinns
the kinnss
Imparisyllables
General
Genitive
Singular
the prins
the princes
Plural
the princes
the princess
General
Genitive
Singular
the princèss
the princesses
Plural
the princesses
the princessess
General
Genitive
Singular
the haus
the hausses
Plural
the hausses
the haussess
General
Genitive
Singular
the rœz
the róses
Plural
the róses
the rósess
-n Inflections
General
Genitive
Singular
the man
the men
Plural
the mans
the mens
General
Genitive
Singular
the wouman
the wimen
Plural
the woumans
the wimens
General
Genitive
Singular
the chyld
the children
Plural
the chylds
the childrens
General
Genitive
Singular
thee ox
thee oxs
Plural
thee oxen
thee oxens
General
Genitive
Singular
the hœs
—
Plural
the hœsen
—
Ablaut Inflections
General
Genitive
Singular
the fout
the fouts
Plural
the feet
the feets
General
Genitive
Singular
the goos
the gooses
Plural
the gees
the geeses
French Endings
General
Genitive
Singular
the cafay
the cafays
Plural
the cafays
the cafayss
General
Genitive
Singular
the pròtegeay
the pròtegeays
Plural
the pròtegeays
the pròtegeayss
General
Genitive
Singular
thee aráy
thee aráys
Plural
thee aráys
thee aráyss
General
Genitive
Singular
the decré
the decrés
Plural
the decrés
the decréss
General
Genitive
Singular
the supléy
the supléys
Plural
the supléys
the supléyss
Proper Nouns
General
Genitive
Singular
Henry
Henrys
Plural
Henrys
Henryss
General
Genitive
Singular
Jæms
Jæmses
Plural
Jæmses
Jæmsess
General
Genitive
Singular
Tomas
Tomasses
Plural
Tomasses
Tomassess
General
Genitive
Singular
Frans
Frances
Plural
Frances
Francess
General
Genitive
Singular
Francis
Francisses
Plural
Francisses
Francissess
General
Genitive
Singular
Smith
Smiths
Plural
Smiths
Smithss
A scribe at Sherborne Abbey produces a copy of the Bloo Bouk for official chancery use, ca. 1450. Henry VI encouraged government to adopt Bloo Bouk spelling.
C. Verba
English verbs
18. Verbs have inflections called conjugations. English conjugations have basic forms. A basic form is an irreductible word. According to their basic forms, English verbs may be:
Monoverbs with only one basic form: must.
Biverbs with two basic forms: can, coud.
Triverbs with three basic forms: set, sets, seting.
Tetraverbs with four basic forms: need, needs, needed, needing.
Pentaverbs with five basic forms: giv, givs, gæv, giving, given.
To be with the following forms: be, am, ar, is, wos, wer, being, been.
19. The basic forms, which are not distinct in every verb, are:
First form as the infinitive.
Second form as the third person singular.
Third form as the past tense.
Fourth form as the present participle.
Fifth form as the past participle.
The second form also admits of:
a formal third person singular in -[e]th: hath, seteth, needeth, giveth.
a rare second person singular in [e]st: hast, setest, needest, givest, art.
In like manner, the third form admits of:
a rare second person singular in [e]st: hadst, setst, neededst [didst need], gævst, wert/wost.
To Be
bee
am
ar
is
wos
wer
beeing
been
be
am
ar
is
wos
wer
being
ben
stressed and unstressed forms
Pentaverbs
I
II
III
IV
V
blœ
blœs
bloo
blowing
blœn
bræk
bræks
brœk
bræking
brœken
chuez
chuses
chœz
chusing
chósen
cum
cums
cæm
cuming
cum
doo | do
dus
did
dooing | doing
dun
droa
droas
droo
droaing
droan
eet
eets
æt | et
eeting
eeten
fly
flys
floo
flying
flœn
giv
givs
gæv
giving
given
gœ | go
gœs
went
gowing | going
gon
ly
lys
læ
lying
læn
ryd
ryds
rœd
ryding
riden
ryt
ryts
rœt
ryting
riten
see
sees
soa
seeing
seen
sing
sinns
sang
sinning
sung
swim
swims
swam
swiming
swum
tæk
tæks
touk
tæking
tæken
Triverbs
I & III
II
IV
cut
cuts
cuting
cawst
cawsts
cawsting
cost
costs
costing
set
sets
seting
Biverbs
I & II
III
can
coud
mæ
myt
shal
shoud
wil
woud
Monoverbs
I & II [& III]
must
oat to
Scenes of the Apocalypse. Aldhelm seizes the yellow book of chaos from the hands of the devil and destroys it, thereby breaking the power of Devilspel. The devil himself is burned into nothingness. A 14th century illustration.
D. Tetraverbs
English tetraverbs
20. Most English verbs are tetraverbs with the same forms III and V. Tetraverbs may be regular or irregular.
Irregular
I
II
III & V
IV
bring
brinns
broat
brinning
by
bys
boat
bying
cach
caches
caut
caching
fyt
fyts
foat
fyting
get
gets
got
geting
hav
has
had
having
hœld
hœlds
held
hœlding
mæk
mæks
mæd
mæking
reed
reeds
red
reeding
sæ
ses
sed
saying
seek
seeks
soat
seeking
shyn
shyns
shon
shyning
sit
sits
sat
siting
stand
stands
stoud
standing
stryk
stryks
struk
stryking
teech
teeches
toat
teeching
tel
tels
tœld
teling
think
thinks
thoat
thinking
21. Like all other verbs, tetraverbs are divided into three kinds of stems:
Open stems end in a vowel: pay, sæ, flœ, droa.
Rhotic stems end in a vowel with r: bar, feer, compair.
Closed stems end in a consonant: werk, teech, bring.
22. The standard suffixes of regular tetraverbs are -(e)d and -t for forms III and V.
23. Spelling adjustments may be needed depending on the stem type and number of syllables.
24. The forms of open stems follow different rules for the Nordic and non-Nordic key.
Nordic jane
I
II
III & V
IV
plæ
plæs
plæd
playing
læ
læs
læd
laying
French jane
I
II
III & V
IV
pay
pays
payd
paying
stay
stays
stayd
staying
sautay
sautays
sautayd
sautaying
decáy
decáys
decáyd
decáying
obáy
obáys
obáyd
obáying
conváy
conváys
conváyd
conváying
decáy: non-Nordic oxytones require accentuation.
Nordic pete
I
II
III & V
IV
free
frees
freed
freeing
pee
pees
peed
peeing
French pete
I
II
III & V
IV
agré
agrés
agréd
agréing
decré
decrés
decréd
decréing
Nordic mike
I
II
III & V
IV
dry
drys
dryd
drying
dy
dys
dyd
dying
French mike
I
II
III & V
IV
crey
creys
creyd
creying
trey
treys
treyd
treying
apléy
apléys
apléyd
apléying
unstressed -y
I
II
III & V
IV
cary
carys
caryd
carying
wury
wurys
wuryd
wurying
Nordic rose
I
II
III & V
IV
flœ
flœs
flœd
flowing
rœ
rœs
rœd
rowing
French rose
I
II
III & V
IV
platéau
platéaus
platéaud
platowing or
plateau
plateaus
plateaud
platowing
Nordic luke/hugh
I
II
III & V
IV
broo
broos
brood
brooing
woo
woos
wood
wooing
French luke/hugh
I
II
III & V
IV
su
sues
sued
suïng
vu
vues
vued
vuïng
argu
argues
argued
arguïng
revú
revús
revúd
revúing
acrú
acrús
acrúd
acrúing
Nordic howie
I
II
III & V
IV
bau
baus
baud
bawing
plau
plaus
plaud
plawing
French howie
I
II
III & V
IV
vou
vous
voud
vowing
alóu
alóus
alóud
alowing
French joy
I
II
III & V
IV
cloy
cloys
cloyd
cloying
emplóy
emplóys
emplóyd
emplóying
25. The forms of rhotic stems may follow different rules for the Nordic and non-Nordic key.
common mark
I
II
III & V
IV
star
stars
stard
staring
bar
bars
bard
baring
Nordic claire
I
II
III & V
IV
shear
shears
sheard
shearing
kear
kears
keard
kearing
French claire
I
II
III & V
IV
pair
pairs
paird
päring
compair
compairs
compaird
compäring
common bert
I
II
III & V
IV
ster
sters
sterd
stering
okér
okérs
okérd
okéring
Nordic keir
I
II
III & V
IV
feer
feers
feerd
feering
steer
steers
steerd
steering
French keir
I
II
III & V
IV
veer
veers
veerd
vëring
apeer
apeers
apeerd
apëring
common george
I
II
III & V
IV
scor
scors
scord
scoring
abhór
abhórs
abhórd
abhóring
French noor
I
II
III & V
IV
cur
curs
curd
curing
endúr
endúrs
endúrd
enduring
26. The forms of closed stems make no distinction between keys.
wise stems
I
II
III & V
IV
næm
næms
næmd
næming
sin
sins
sind
sining
ding
dinns
dinnd
dinning
poul
pouls
pould
pouling
weak stems
I
II
III & V
IV
rob
robs
robd
robing
beg
begs
begd
beging
luv
luvs
luvd
luving
dental stems
I
II
III & V
IV
need
needs
needed
needing
wont
wonts
wonted
wonting
strong stems
I
II
III & V
IV
tap
taps
tapt
taping
werk
werks
werkt
werking
lawf
lawfs
lawft
lawfing
sibilant stems
I
II
III & V
IV
vex
vexes
vext
vexing
fech
feches
fecht
feching
fish
fishes
fisht
fishing
jess stems
I
II
III & V
IV
jugg
jugges
juggd
jugging
managg
managges
managgd
managging
then stems
I
II
III & V
IV
bædd
bædds
bæthd
bædding
clœdd
clœdds
clœthd
clœdding
zen stems
I
II
III & V
IV
ànalyz
ànalyses
ànalyzd
ànalysing
compóz
compóses
compózd
compósing
brauz
brauses
brauzd
brausing
sen stems
I
II
III & V
IV
imprèss
imprèsses
imprèst
imprèssing
incrés
incrésses
incrést
incréssing
convìns
convìnces
convìnst
convìncing
fors
forces
forst
forcing
fæs
fáces
fæst
fácing
plæs
plásses
plæst
plássing
fæs, fáces: Latin sen; plæs, plásses: Greek sen
The Archangel Gabriel appears to Aldhelm in a dream and commands the creation of the Bloo Bouk, to teach the world ‟an orderly manner of writing Anglo-Saxon words” against the snares of Devilspel.
Particles
27. Particles are words not subject to inflection: interjections, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs.
Interjections
æ
hæ
hy
wau
ah
haw
mm
wœ
alas
hahaw
nœ
woohoo
blaw
helœ
o | œ | o œ
yahoo
by
huh
uh
yæ
cheers
hurrah
uhuh
yeh
Prepositions
abaut
bihynd
into
throoaut
abuv
bitween
lyk
to
acròss
biyond
neer
towords
agenst
by
œver
under
along
daun
of
until
amung
despít
on
unto
aróund
during
onto
up
at
exept
ov
upon
aut
for
sins
widd
awfter
from
than
widdaut
bifor
in
throo
widdin
Conjunctions
and
but
or
thœ
as
for
oalthœ
til
awfter
hwen
sins
unless
befor
hwyl
than
until
bicoz
if
that
wedder
27. Adverbs may be subject to degree:
erly, erlier, erliest
kwikly, kwiklier, kwikliest
wel, beter, best
28. Adverbs may be formed through suffixal derivation:
-wyz: clokwyz, eggwyz, lykwyz, udderwyz
-ly: kyndly, grætly, witingly, sadly, gladly
Adverbs
agœ
hau
much
stil
awæ
hawever
nau
sumtyms
awfter
heer
never
thear
badly
hwear
nœ
then
bearly
hwy
oalmœst
todæ
bifor
just
oalredy
tomorœ
enuf
kwyt
oalwæs
too
erly
læt
often
very
ever
læter
perhaps
wel
fawst
litel
rawdder
yes
fréquently
mæbe
seldom
yesterdæ
hardly
morœver
soon
yet
Contractions
29. A contraction is a fusion of two words into one. The main contraction types in English are:
pronoun with verb
verb with adverb
verb with preposition
antecedent with verb
A widespread notion regards the use of contractions as informal. However, contractions are recurrent in Ancient Greek in all manners of speech. Contractions were abundant in Middle English writing. In modern English, Shakespeare makes use of contractions in formal, solemn and stately speech. The idea that contractions are casual or careless style is untenable.
30. For ease of handling, a standardisation of contractions eliminates the apostrophe, going back to the Middle English practice.
Pronoun with Verb
Ym
Y am
yur
u ar
hees
he is
shees
she is
its
it is
weer
we ar
thear
thæ ar
Yv
Y hav
yoov
u hav
hees
he has
shees
she has
its
it has
weev
we hav
thæv
thæ hav
Yd
Y had
yood
u had
heed
he had
sheed
she had
weed
we had
thæd
thæ had
Yl
Y wil
yool
u wil
heel
he wil
sheel
she wil
itl
it wil
weel
we wil
thæl
thæ wil
Yd
Y woud
yood
u woud
heed
he woud
sheed
she woud
weed
we woud
thæd
thæ woud
Yl
Y shal
yool
u shal
heel
he shal
sheel
she shal
itl
it shal
weel
we shal
thæl
thæ shal
Verb with Adverb
ænt
am not
isnt
is not
arnt
ar not
wosnt
wos not
wernt
wer not
havnt
hav not
hasnt
has not
hadnt
had not
dœnt
do not
dusnt
dus not
didnt
did not
wœnt
wil not
woudnt
woud not
shant
shal not
shoudnt
shoud not
cawnt
can not
cant
can not
canot
can not
coudnt
coud not
mænt
mæ not
mytnt
myt not
mustnt
must not
neednt
need not
oatnt
oat not
-t can be omitted before consonant: he didn fœn. Y wosn heer. She dusn kear. Ew havn werkt.
Verb with Preposition
gona
going to
gota
got to
wana
want to
Antecedent with Verb
-s
- is : That gerls aryving ryt nau. Naus the tym. Heers the gerl.
-s
- has : My mudders red yor bouk. Anudders arívd.
Geoffrey Chaucer recites a passage from the Canterbury Tales to a group of knights of the Bloo Bouk in a tavern, London 1383. The Knighthood was an early patron of Chaucer, who took active part in the influential 1387 spelling conclave.